APDL Eductation Resources

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001 Introduction Jupiter,400,400 Earth,200,200 Nomore Welecome to ArcMedia Solar System. In it you will find information, pictures and diagrams all about the Solar System. To select a frame of information simply click on any word that appears in blue. Further detailed information on that frame can be found by clicking on the More Info button as long as it is not grey. If you need help to use this applicatn click on the Help button at any time. [010Sun]....[020Mercury]....[040Earth]....[070Saturn]....[100Pluto] END 010 The Sun (part 1) Sun,400,400 None More The Sun is a star, and is the centre of our solar system. Its [210Gravity] keeps the planets in their orbits, and its light provides us with all our energy. This picture shows the Sun just as an eclipse is starting. If you look very carefully you may also be able to see some sun spots. The outer layer of the Sun is only about 6000 C, but deep inside the temperature rises to many millions of degrees. [020Mercury]....[030Venus] END 011 The Sun (part 2) Sun,460,460 None Nomore Physical information: Diameter: 1,392,530 km Density (water=1): 1.4 Mass ([040Earth]=1): 332,946 Volume ([040Earth]=1): 1,300,000 Surface [210gravity] ([040Earth]=1): 28.0 Escape velocity: 617.3 km/s [020Mercury]....[030Venus] END 020 Mercury (part 1) Mercury,400,400 None More Mercury is the closest planet to the sun and also one of the smallest. In fact the surface that points towards the [010Sun] is hot enough to melt lead! This picture of the planet was taken by the Mariner 10 [250spacecraft] in 1974. The surface is covered in craters, much like our [045Moon]. Mercury is small, has no atmosphere, and does not have any moons. [010Sun]....[030Venus] END 021 Mercury (part 2) Mercury,400,400 None Nomore Physical Information: Sideral period: 88 days Rotation: 58.65 days Density (water=1): 5.43 Mass ([040Earth]=1): 0.055 Volume ([040Earth]=1): 0.06 Escape velocity: 4.25 km/s [210Gravity] ([040Earth]=1): 0.38 Surface temperature: Day: 350 C Night: -170 C [010Sun]....[030Venus] END 030 Venus (part 1) Venus,400,400 None More Venus is nearly the same size as the [040Earth], but is a very different place. It is always covered in thick swirling clouds (of carbon dioxide) as you can see in this picture. The [340Greenhouse effect] is working on Venus. The temperature is about 500 C and the clouds you see contain Sulphuric acid! Venus is one of the few planets that does not have a moon. [020Mercury]....[040Earth]....[050Mars] END 031 Venus (part 2) venus2,320,320 venus,240,240 More This image was created from radar data from the Magellan space probe. The radar was able to 'see' through the thick clouds while the probe stayed in orbit. Probes that land on the surface only last a few minutes because of the very high temperatures and crushing pressures. [020Mercury]....[040Earth]....[050Mars] END 032 Venus (part 3) Venus,400,400 None Nomore Physical Information: Sideral period: 224.7 days Venus Year: 243 days Density (water=1): 5.24 Mass ([040Earth]=1): 0.815 Volume ([040Earth]=1): 0.86 Escape velocity: 10.36 km/s [210Gravity] ([040Earth]=1): 0.903 Pressure ([040Earth]=1): 90 Surface temperature: 480 C - day and night because of the [340greenhouse effect]; with thunder and lightning all the time. [020Mercury]....[040Earth]....[050Mars] END 040 Earth (part 1) Earth,400,400 None More From space, its blue oceans and white clouds can easily be seen. In this picture you can see most of the African continent, with Europe right at the top of the picture. There are clouds over the centre of Africa, and you may be able to see a lake close by. The Earth just has one [045Moon]. [030Venus]....[050Mars] END 041 Earth (part 2) Earth,400,400 None Nomore Physical Information: Sideral period: 23 hours 56 minutes Earth Year: 365.26 days Density (water=1): 5.51 Escape velocity: 11.18 km/s [030Venus]....[050Mars]....[060Jupiter] END 045 The Moon Moon2,400,400 cm,300,300 Nomore The Moon (not shown to scale) is the only natural [220satellite] of the [040Earth]. It is covered in craters like many other objects in the solar system (such as [020Mercury]), and is too small to have any [230atmosphere]. The moon is responsible for the tides on [040Earth], as well eclipses of the [010Sun]. In 1969 astronauts landed on the moon for the first time during the [300Apollo] missions. END 050 Mars (part 1) Mars,400,400 None More Mars has always been known as the red planet, and is red because its surface has actually rusted! In this picture you may be able to see some small circles on the surface. These are actually volcanoes larger than mount Everest! Mars has two small moons called [055Phobos] and Demos. Much of the more recent information came from the [320Viking] spacecraft. [040Earth]....[056 Asteroid Belt]....[060Jupiter] END 051 Mars (part 2) Mars,400,400 None Nomore Physical Information: Sideral period: 24 hours 37 minutes Mars Year: 687 days Density (water=1): 3.93 Escape velocity: 5.02 km/s Surface temperature: An average of -23 C [040Earth]....[056 Asteroid Belt]....[060Jupiter] END 055 Phobos (moon of Mars) phobos,400,400 None Nomore Mars has two very small moons called Phobos and deimos. These can only be seen in very large telescopes. They both look very similiar to [056asteroids] and this is what they probably are. Phobos, seen here, is about 22km (14 miles) long. [050Mars] END 056 The Asteroid Belt gaspra,400,400 None Nomore Most asteroids are found between [050Mars] and [060Jupiter]. Many are small (only a few hundred km in diameter), and have a wide variety of colours and shapes. Some are bright chunks of rock, as you can see in the photograph, while others are blacker than a blackboard! Although there are many thousands of asteroids, even if you put them all together they would not be as big as our [045Moon]. [050Mars]....[060Jupiter] END 060 Jupiter (part 1) Jupiter,400,400 None More This photograph, taken by the [200Voyager] [250spacecraft], shows the cloud layers of Jupiter. The clouds are in layers because the planet rotates quite quickly. A day on Jupiter only lasts about 10 hours! The famous Red Spot can also be seen in this picture - a storm larger than the [040Earth]. Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system, and has many [063moons]. [063moons]....[050Mars]....[056Asteroid Belt]....[070Saturn] END 061 Jupiter (part 2) Jupiter,400,400 None Nomore Physical Information Jupiter Year: 4332.6 days Rotation: 9.8 hours Density (water=1): 1.32 Mass ([040Earth]=1): 317.8 Volume ([040Earth]=1): 1,323 Escape velocity: 59.6 km/s Surface temperature: An average of -150 C [050Mars]....[070Saturn] END 063 Jupiters Moons jupiter,400,400 None Nomore Jupiter has four very large moons (sometimes called the Galilean [220satellites], after Galileo who first saw them with the newly invented telescope in 1610). It also has a large number of smaller moons. These four main moons are [064Io], [065Europa], [066Callisto] and Ganymede, all of which are similiar in size to our [045moon]. Although they all orbit the same planet they are quite different to each other in colour and structure. [060Jupiter] END 064 Io (moon of Jupiter) io_2,320,320 io,270,270 Nomore Io (pronounced eye-oh) is a very active moon, and is the only place in the solar system (apart from [040Earth]) where there are active volcanoes; there are also volcanoes on [050Mars] but they are not active. The moon has a variety of bright colours because of a substance called sulphur. It is yellow solid at low temperatures, an orange liquid at higher temperatures, a red liquid at even higher temperatures, and a thick black sticky liquid at very high temperatures. [060Jupiter]....[065Europa]....[066Callisto] END 065 Euorpa (moon of Jupiter) europa,300,300 jupiter,260,260 Nomore Europa (pronounced You-rope-ah) is unusual for a moon because it hardly has any craters on it. In fact it is one of the smoothest moons in the Solar System. It is thought to be covered in water/ice that is 100km thick, and what you see in the picture is the cracked ice layer on top with the water below. [060Jupiter]....[064Io]....[066Callisto] END 066 Callisto (moon of Jupiter) callisto,320,320 jupiter,270,270 Nomore Callisto (pronounced Kal-list-oh) is thought to be a moon that is a mixture of rock and ice. The bright spots are thought to be crater sites where the ice is 'cleaner' and so brighter. [060Jupiter]....[064Io]....[065Europa] END 070 Saturn (part 1) Saturn,400,400 None More Saturn is famous for its rings, which can be seen in this picture taken by the [200Voyager] [250spacecraft]. It is a very large planet like Jupiter, and has many [075moons] as well. The rings are not solid, but are made up from millions of small particles - they look solid from a long way off. It is a gas giant, like [060Jupiter], and in close up looks very similar to [060Jupiter]. In fact it has a large white spot, similar to the great red spot of [060Jupiter]. [075moons]....[060Jupiter]....[080Uranus] END 071 Saturn (part 2) Saturn,400,400 None Nomore Physical Information: Saturn Year: 10,759 days Rotation: 10.2 hours Density (water=1): 0.7 Mass ([040Earth]=1): 95.2 Volume ([040Earth]=1): 752 Escape velocity: 35.6 km/s Surface temperature: -180 C [075moons]....[060Jupiter]....[080Uranus] END 075 Moons of Saturn dione,460,460 saturn,300,300 Nomore Saturn has 23 known moons, ranging in size from Titan (the only moon in the solar system to have a thick [230atmosphere]) to moons only a few km across. One of [070Saturn's] moons, Dione pronounced (die-oh-knee) is shown here. Like many of the other moons it is covered in craters. [070Saturn] END 080 Uranus Uranus,400,400 None Nomore This photograph, taken by the [200Voyager] [250spacecraft], shows what Uranus looks like. It looks smooth and fuzzy because it is completely covered in clouds. It, like many other of the outer planets, is a gas giant - the [230atmosphere] being made up of hydrogen and helium gases. Because the planet is so far away, little was known about it until the [200Voyager] mission. Uranus, like [070Saturn] has rings, but fewer of them. Fifteen [085moons] were also found to orbit the planet. [085moons]....[070Saturn]....[090Neptune] END 085 Moons Of Uranus titania,300,300 miranda,300,300 Nomore Little was known about the moons of [080Uranus] until the [200Voyager 2] flyby in January 1986. The moons are covered in craters, like our [045moon] and [020Mercury], and also have deep grooves and fractures. Image one shows the moon Titania, about 1500km in diameter. Image two shows part of the surface of Miranda. In it you can see bright cliffs of ice, 20km (about 12 miles) straight down - over twice the height of Mount Everest on [040Earth]! [080Uranus] END 090 Neptune (part 1) Neptune,400,400 triton,400,400 More Because of its huge distance from the [010Sun] and the [040Earth], little was known about this planet until it was passed by the [200Voyager] [250spacecraft] in 1989. This photograph, taken by [200Voyager 2], shows two types of clouds on Neptune. The white clouds are high up, with blue clouds beneath (the blue colour is not water). Some of the cloud speeds reach up to 1000km an hour (around 700mph). Neptune, like [070Saturn], has rings, but they are very faint. [080Uranus]....[100Pluto] END 091 Neptune (part 2) Neptune 400,400 None Nomore Physical Information: Neptune Year: 60,190 days Rotation: 15.8 hours Density (water=1): 1.77 Mass ([040Earth]=1): 17 Volume ([040Earth]=1): 54 Escape velocity: 24.6 km/s Surface temperature: -220 C [080Uranus]....[100Pluto] END 100 Pluto Pluto 400,400 None Nomore No [250spacecraft] has ever been to Pluto and even in powerful telesccopes it still looks like a tiny point of light. This means that very little is known about this tiny planet. Because it is so small and far away it was only discovered in the 1930's. It has a single moon called Charon. [080Uranus]....[090Neptune]....[400Comets] END 200 Voyagers 1 & 2 Voyager,400,400 None Nomore Two Voyager [250spacecraft] were launched from [040Earth] in August & September of 1977. They are about the same size as a small truck and the dish, for sending and recieving signals, is the main feature. Electrical power is generated from a small nuclear reactor. The planets [060Jupiter], [070Saturn], [080Uranus] and [090Neptune] were photographed. END 210 The Force Of Gravity Sun,460,460 None Nomore It is because of the pull of gravity that the [010Sun] keeps all of the planets orbiting it. Gravity causes objects to attract each other, the bigger the mass of the object the bigger the pull. The [010Sun] has the biggest mass in the solar system, and so has the biggest pull. The [040Earths'] pull of gravity keeps the [045Moon] in orbit around it. Isaac Newton was the first to explain the laws of Gravity. [230Atmospheres] END 220 Satellites Moon2,220,220 Earth,400,400 Nomore A satellite is the name we give to any object that orbits another. For example, our [045Moon] is a satellite of the [040Earth] because it orbits the [040Earth]. But the [040Earth] is a satellite of the [010Sun] because it orbits the [010Sun]. [210Gravity]...[250Spacecraft] END 230 Atmospheres atmsp,400,400 None Nomore If a planet is large enough, like the [040Earth], then the pull of [210gravity] keeps an atmosphere around it. Our atmosphere is mainly Nitrogen (which is why our sky is blue) but other planets have very different atmospheres. For example, the sky on [050Mars] is pink. Our atmosphere is not as thick as you might think - If you think of the [040Earth] as an orange, then the atmosphere is thinner than the peel on that orange. Even so it keeps the temperature warm enough for us, and protects us from dangerous ultra violet radiation. END 250 Spacecraft & Rockets shuttle,420,420 mariner,300,300 Nomore All spacecraft launched from the [040Earth] use rockets. Rockets are different to jets as they carry the oxygen they need in special tanks. Jets have to get oxygen from the air; no jet engine could work in space because there is no air. [200Voyager]....[300Apollo]....[320Viking] END 300 Project Apollo ap,400,400 lunar1,400,400 Nomore Project Apollo was the name given to the space mission, of the United States, in the 1960's to land a person on the [045Moon] for the very first time. The first craft to land was Apollo 11 in July 1969, and over the next three years another five landings were made. Only 12 people have ever walked on the moon! [040Earth]....[045Moon] END 320 Project Viking (1) mars2,300,300 Mars,400,400 More In 1976 two american probes landed on the surface of Mars. Part of the [250spacecraft] remained in orbit, taking photographs such as the one you see here. At some time in the past water has flowed and made the canyons you can see. The largest canyon on Mars is many times larger than the Grand Canyon on [040Earth]; about 2 km (1.5 miles) deep! [040Earth]....[060Jupiter] END 321 Project Viking (2) marspad,300,300 marsurf2,400,400 Nomore These are photographs taken by one of the Viking probes. The black and white image was the first picture sent back to [040Earth] from the surface. Part of the [250spacecrafts] landing pad can be seen. The second colour image shows the true redish colour of the surface. The piece of the probe sticking up into the air was to study the martian weather. [040Earth]....[050Mars]....[060Jupiter] END 340 Greenhouse Effect venus,400,400 None Nomore The greenhouse effect is the name given to the process where the surface temperatue of a planet is raised. When sunlight hits the surface of a planet it heats it. This heat energy then passes into the [230atmosphere]. Some gases, such as carbon dioxide, trap this heat energy, and so the [230atmosphere] becomes warmer. [030Venus]...[040Earth] END 400 Comets gaspra,400,400 sun,280,280 Nomore A comet can be thought of as a lump of ice (water ice as well as methane ice and carbon dioxide ice) and rocky particles. Comets orbit the [010Sun], and when they get near to the [010Sun] they develop a 'tail'. As they move away they lose the tail. Some comets orbit the [010Sun] quite quickly (Halley's comet takes about 76 years) but some can take hundreds of years. [100Pluto] END 999 Help Information help,240,240 None Nomore To select a new frame of information, click on any word that appears in blue. The TV screens show the last three frames you have viewed. Clicking on the pictures inside them will take you back to that frame. Sometimes further detailed information is available. Clicking on the More Info button will call this frame. If nothing happens then there is no more information! Click on the Desktop button to leave ArcMedia. [010Sun]....[040Earth]....[070Saturn] END EOF EOF